This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
Author: Bruce Elleman
Publisher: M.E. Sharpe
ISBN: 0765627663
Category: History
Page: 392
View: 148
China shares borders with 20 other countries. Each of these neighbors has its own national interests, and in some cases, these include territorial and maritime jurisdictional claims in places that China also claims. Most of these 20 countries have had a history of border conflicts with China; some of them never amicably settled. This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
Author: Bruce Elleman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781317515647
Category: History
Page: 392
View: 569
China shares borders with 20 other countries. Each of these neighbors has its own national interests, and in some cases, these include territorial and maritime jurisdictional claims in places that China also claims. Most of these 20 countries have had a history of border conflicts with China; some of them never amicably settled. This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
Author: Bruce A. Elleman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0765627639
Category: Political Science
Page: 371
View: 747
China shares borders with 20 other countries. Each of these neighbors has its own national interests, and in some cases, these include territorial and maritime jurisdictional claims in places that China also claims. Most of these 20 countries have had a history of border conflicts with China; some of them never amicably settled. This book brings together some of the foremost historians, geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars on modern Asia to examine each of China's twenty land or sea borders.
This book maps the growth of China’s political, economic, and military capabilities and its impact on the security order in Asia over the coming decades.
Author: Mingjiang Li
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781317668169
Category: Political Science
Page: 292
View: 336
One of the most significant factors for contemporary international relations is the growth of China’s economic, military, and political power. Indeed, few analysts would dispute the observation that China’s power has strongly influenced the structure of the international system, major-power strategic relations, international security, the patterns of trans-border economic activities, and most importantly, the political and security dynamics in Asia in the twenty-first century. This book maps the growth of China’s political, economic, and military capabilities and its impact on the security order in Asia over the coming decades. While updating the emerging power dimensions and prevailing discourse, it provides a nuanced analysis of whether the growth of Chinese power is resulting in Beijing becoming more assertive, or even aggressive, in its behavior and pursuit of national interests. It also examines how the key Asian countries perceive and react to the growth of China’s power and how US rebalancing would play out in the context of Beijing’s political, economic, and military power. China’s Power and Asian Security will be of huge interest to student and scholars of Asian politics, Chinese politics, security studies and international security and international relations more generally.
Proceedings from the conference "China and Asia: Towards a New Regional Order," convened in December 2003 at The George Washington University"--Acknowledgments.
Author: David Shambaugh
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520245709
Category: History
Page: 383
View: 164
Proceedings from the conference "China and Asia: Towards a New Regional Order," convened in December 2003 at The George Washington University"--Acknowledgments.
Sweeping changes both within and outside of China and the transformation of geopolitics since the end of the cold war have prompted Beijing to reevaluate its strategies and objectives in regard to emerging nations.Featuring contributions by ...
Author: Joshua Eisemann
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781317282938
Category: Social Science
Page: 256
View: 920
China's relationship with the developing world is a fundamental part of its larger foreign policy strategy. Sweeping changes both within and outside of China and the transformation of geopolitics since the end of the cold war have prompted Beijing to reevaluate its strategies and objectives in regard to emerging nations.Featuring contributions by recognized experts, this is the first full-length treatment of China's relationship with the developing world in nearly two decades. Section one provides a general overview and framework of analysis for this important aspect of Chinese policy. The chapters in the second part of the book systematically examine China's relationships with Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Latin America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The book concludes with a look into the future of Chinese foreign policy.
Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell analyze ChinaÕs security concerns on four fronts: at home, with its immediate neighbors, in surrounding regional systems, and in the world beyond Asia.
Author: Andrew J. Nathan
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 9780231140515
Category: Political Science
Page: 432
View: 374
Despite its impressive size and population, economic vitality, and drive to upgrade its military, China remains a vulnerable nation surrounded by powerful rivals and potential foes. Understanding ChinaÕs foreign policy means fully appreciating these geostrategic challenges, which persist even as the country gains increasing influence over its neighbors. Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell analyze ChinaÕs security concerns on four fronts: at home, with its immediate neighbors, in surrounding regional systems, and in the world beyond Asia. By illuminating the issues driving Chinese policy, they offer a new perspective on the countryÕs rise and a strategy for balancing Chinese and American interests in Asia. Though rooted in the present, Nathan and ScobellÕs study makes ample use of the past, reaching back into history to illuminate the people and institutions shaping Chinese strategy today. They also examine Chinese views of the United States; explain why China is so concerned about Japan; and uncover ChinaÕs interests in such problematic countries as North Korea, Iran, and the Sudan. The authors probe recent troubles in Tibet and Xinjiang and explore their links to forces beyond ChinaÕs borders. They consider the tactics deployed by mainland China and Taiwan, as Taiwan seeks to maintain autonomy in the face of Chinese advances toward unification. They evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of ChinaÕs three main power resourcesÑeconomic power, military power, and soft power. The authors conclude with recommendations for the United States as it seeks to manage ChinaÕs rise. Chinese policymakers understand that their nationÕs prosperity, stability, and security depend on cooperation with the United States. If handled wisely, the authors believe, relations between the two countries can produce mutually beneficial outcomes for both Asia and the world.
The essays in this volume look at these issues over a long span of time, questioning whether the process of expansion was a benevolent civilizing mission.
Author: Diana Lary
Publisher: UBC Press
ISBN: 9780774840873
Category: History
Page: 352
View: 333
The People's Republic of China claims to have 22,000 kilometres of land borders and 18,000 kilometres of coast line. How did this vast country come into being? The state credo describes an ancient process of cultural expansion: border peoples gratefully accept high culture in China and become inalienable parts of the country. And yet, the "centre" had to fight against manifestations of discontent in the border regions, not only to maintain control over the regions themselves, but also to prevent a loss of power at the edges from triggering a general process of regional devolution in the Han Chinese provinces. The essays in this volume look at these issues over a long span of time, questioning whether the process of expansion was a benevolent civilizing mission.
63 64 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 73 Sea Border with China', in B. Elleman, S. Kotkin and C. H. Schofield (eds), Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, 2012, pp. 36–45. See also R. Haller-Trost ...
Author: Leszek Buszynski
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781317935483
Category: Social Science
Page: 222
View: 489
The South China Sea is a major strategic waterway for trade and oil shipments to Japan, Korea as well as southern China. It has been the focus of a maritime dispute which has continued now for over six decades, with competing claims from China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Brunei. Recently China has become more assertive in pressing its claims – harassing Vietnamese fishing vessels and seizing reefs in the Philippine claim zone. China has insisted that it has "indisputable sovereignty" over the area and has threatened to enforce its claim. All of this is unsettling and draws in the United States which is concerned about freedom of navigation in the area. The US has been supporting the Philippines and has been developing security ties with Vietnam as a check upon China. This book examines the conflict potential of the current dispute, it discusses how the main claimants and the United States view the issue, and assesses the prospects for a resolution of the problem.
Something of a cultural heritage designation craze is happening in China. This is new within even the last five to ten years. Officials at many levels now see heritage preservation as a means for commoditizing their regions.
Author: Tami Blumenfield
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9781461468745
Category: Social Science
Page: 297
View: 792
This volume explores China’s cultural heritage ideology and policies from three interrelated perspectives: the State and World Heritage tourism; cultural heritage tourism at undesignated sites, and the cultural politics of museums and collections. Something of a cultural heritage designation craze is happening in China. This is new within even the last five to ten years. Officials at many levels now see heritage preservation as a means for commoditizing their regions. They are devoting new resources and attention to national and international heritage designations. Thus, addressing cultural heritage politics in a nation dedicated to designation is an important project, particularly in the context of a rapidly growing economy. This volume is also important because it addresses a very wide range of cultural heritage, providing an excellent sample of case studies: historic vernacular urban environments, ethnic tourism, scenic tourism, pilgrimage as tourism, tourism and economic development, museums, border heritage, underwater remains, and the actual governance and management of the sites. This volume is an outstanding introduction to cultural heritage issues in China while contributing to Chinese studies for those with greater knowledge of the area.
Author: Cheng Joseph Yu-shekPublish On: 2017-12-21
Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbours in Asia (New York; M.E. Sharpe, 2013). * Kenneth Lieberthal and Wang Jisi, Addressing U.S.–China Strategic Distrust, John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series, No.
Author: Cheng Joseph Yu-shek
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9789813221123
Category: Political Science
Page: 704
View: 436
Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese authorities have gradually come to embrace multilateralism to realize their basic foreign policy objectives in maintaining a peaceful international environment and enhancing China's international status and influence. This embrace is largely based on pragmatic considerations. There is no denial, however, that elements of liberalism and constructivism gradually enter into the considerations of Chinese leaders. They accept, for example, that non-traditional security issues can only be tackled through genuine multilateralism. This volume carefully examines China's increased participation in multilateral organizations and mechanisms and its efforts to initiate and develop its own discourses on global affairs straddling Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the Latin American continents. China's presence in international multilateral organizations has been providing developing countries a better chance to maintain a balance of power. Since China has no ambitious plan to transform the existing international order, its increasing enthusiastic engagement of multilateralism is likely to be accepted by the international community. Contents: PrefaceAbout the AuthorList of TablesAcronyms and AbbreviationsMultilateralism — Theoretical Issues and China's Approach in Foreign PolicyChina in Asia: China's Asian Policy in the Early Twenty-First Century: Adjusting to its Increasing StrengthChina's Regional Strategy and Challenges in East AsiaChina's ASEAN Policy in the 1990s: Pushing for Regional Multi-polarityThe Path of Least Resistance: China's Way of Engagement in Southeast AsiaThe ASEAN-China Free Trade Area — Success or Failure? A Preliminary Evaluation Based on Econometric EvidenceChina-ASEAN Economic Co-Operation and the Role of ProvincesChina and the World: The Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation: China's Initiative in Regional Institutional BuildingChina's Approach to Shanghai Co-operation Organisation: Institutional Building, Economic Co-operation and the Challenge from AfghanistanChina's Relations with the Gulf Co-operation Council States: Multi-level Diplomacy in a Divided Arab WorldChina's Approach to BRICSLatin America in China's Contemporary Foreign PolicyChina's African Policy in the Post-Cold War EraBibliographyIndex Readership: Policymakers, academics, professionals, undergraduate and graduate students interested in China's foreign policy. Keywords: Multilateralism;China;Foreign Policy;International RelationsReview: Key Features: It is a valuable reference book for undergraduate students, postgraduate students and scholars in the fields of China's foreign policy and international relations in the Asia-PacificIt is a most up-to-date account of China's approaches to its most significant multilateral regional organizations and forumsIn view of China's importance in international politics and economy, it is important to understand its policy
The book aims to understand China’s geographical advantages and restrictions along with its history and economic structure; the themes that emerge are important indicators to understand its Geo-Strategy.
Author: Akshaya Handa
Publisher: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd
ISBN: 9789382652557
Category: Political Science
Page: 222
View: 302
Geography confers advantages and imposes restrictions on regions. Regional powers over the millennia, leverage the former and aim to overcome the latter to maximize their gains. Such behaviour has been more consistent than political or religious ideologies.This can be seen in turmoil in Pakistan despite religious homogeneity and the failure of the erstwhile USSR – China – Vietnam axis at the height of Cold War despite similar ideology and structures. Likely emergence of China as a global power has placed its neighbours on the horns of dilemma, where some portray it as expansionist and hegemonistic power, others believe it to be an engine for economic rise. The challenge of managing China would require understanding its long term goals and likely means it would employ to achieve them. The process initiated by Deng Xiaoping has made China an economic giant which many believe is Communist only in name. Even while the Third Plenum of November 2013 seeks to strengthen the process, it also has recognized vulnerabilities in society, which have the potential of causing internal collapse. The book aims to understand China’s geographical advantages and restrictions along with its history and economic structure; the themes that emerge are important indicators to understand its Geo-Strategy. China’s international behaviour of the last few decades not only validates these but also points to the means that China is employing to achieve its aim. Important lessons thus emerge for managing partnership with China.
... in Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia, edited by Bruce A Elleman, Stephen Kotkin and Clive H Schofield (New York, NY: ME Sharpe Publishers, 2012), at 67–70. 76 Regarding incidents between China and the ...
Author: Robert C. Beckman
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 9781781955949
Category: Law
Page: 384
View: 879
'The book has been written by many highly qualified observers and academicians that have spent a lot of time observing and analyzing the recent developments in the South China Sea, particularly those relating to the dispute and way of overcoming them. I do hope that this publication will throw some light on such important matters and indicate possible roads to follow in solving the territorial disputes through joint development concept.' Hasjim Djalal, Director of Southeast Asian Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia This highly informative and up-to-date book brings together expert scholars in law of the sea to explore the legal and geopolitical aspects of the South China Sea disputes and provide an in-depth examination on the prospects of joint development in the South China Sea. The South China Sea has long been regarded as a source of conflict and tension in Asia. Underlying this conflict is the dispute between China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei over the features in the South China Sea, as well as the resources in the surrounding waters. One viable solution is for the claimants to set aside their claims and jointly develop the hydrocarbon resources in the South China Sea. Unlike previous works, this book takes a unique approach by examining existing joint development arrangements in Asia to see if there are any 'lessons learnt' that may be applicable to the South China Sea. This approach has enabled the editors to move beyond a mere theoretical discussion on joint development and focus on the law, policy and practical issues related to joint development. Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea will strongly appeal to Government officials, policy-makers from ASEAN Countries, China and the United States, as well as academics, particularly those who are involved in legal scholarship on the South China Sea disputes. Practitioners of oil and gas law will also find much to benefit them in this book.
Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2013. Ellison, Herbert J., ed. The Sino-Soviet Conflict: A Global Perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982. Emmott, Bill.
Author: John F. Copper
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781137532732
Category: Political Science
Page: 283
View: 719
Today, by many accounts, China is the world's foremost purveyor of foreign aid and foreign investment to developing countries. This is the product of China's miracle economic growth over a period of more than three decades, together with China's drive to become a major player in world affairs and accomplish this through economic rather than military means. This three-volume work is the first comprehensive study of China's aid and investment strategy to trace how it has evolved since Beijing launched its foreign aid diplomacy at the time of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Volume I examines the definitions, origins, nature, and scope of foreign aid and investment by other countries. Using that background, John F. Copper then traces China's financial assistance to developing countries from the Mao period - when China gave meaningful foreign aid despite its own economic struggles - through the beginning of China's post-1978 economic boom and during subsequent decades of rapid economic growth. Copper shows that China has a more salient history in giving foreign assistance than any other country in the world; while China's objectives in giving foreign assistance have changed markedly over time, China has always been driven by efforts to realize its foreign policy objectives and expand China's external influence.
This timely volume offers a broad and comprehensive look at the issues facing China today and lays the groundwork for understanding the shifts to come.
Author: Jacques deLisle
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN: 9780812291766
Category: Political Science
Page: 328
View: 331
When the "fifth generation" of Communist Party leaders in China assumed top political positions in 2012-2013, they took the helm of a country that has achieved remarkable economic growth, political stability, and international influence. Yet China today confronts challenges at least as daunting as any it has faced since the reform era began in the late 1970s. In November 2013, the Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee announced ambitious reforms to address vital issues, such as giving market forces a "decisive role" in the economy, strengthening the social safety net, assigning greater weight to factors other than economic growth and social order in evaluating local officials, promoting urbanization, and relaxing the "one child" policy. China's Challenges brings together fourteen experts on China's social, economic, political, legal, and foreign affairs to examine some of the nation's pivotal policy issues. Their wide-ranging analyses cover economic and social inequality, internal migration and population control, imperatives to "rebalance" China's economy toward domestic demand and consumption, problems of official corruption, tensions between legal reform and social order, and the strained relationships with neighboring countries and the United States that stem from China's rising power, military modernization, enduring territorial disputes, and rising nationalism in domestic politics. This timely volume offers a broad and comprehensive look at the issues facing China today and lays the groundwork for understanding the shifts to come. How—and how well—China handles these challenges not only will define China's trajectory for years to come, but will have repercussions far beyond China's borders. Contributors: Yong Cai, Jacques deLisle, Jane Duckett, Andrew Erickson, M. Taylor Fravel, Avery Goldstein, Yasheng Huang, Zai Liang, Benjamin Liebman, Melanie Manion, Barry Naughton, Daniela Stockmann, Robert Sutter, Guohui Wang.
Author: Air Commodore Ramesh PhadkePublish On: 2005-01-01
The Book Attempts To Search For Ways To Improve An Understanding Of China'S Rapidly Rising Power Status In International Politics And Its Possible Implications For India'S Security. (Published In Collaboration With United Services ...
Author: Air Commodore Ramesh Phadke
Publisher:
ISBN: 8170492203
Category: History
Page: 252
View: 422
China'S Attempts To Comprehensively Overhaul And Modernise Its Armed Forces, And Its Emphasis On Access To Modern Technology Indicate The Chinese Leadership Determination To Build An All-Round Military Capability To Fight Well Beyond Its Immediate Periphery. Coercion, And If That Fails, Resorting To Use Of Military Force Have Been The Logical And Natural Steps In China'S Strategy. This Marked Propensity To Use Force Makes One Take Note Of China'S Fast Burgeoning Military Capabilities. The Rapid Modernisation Process Of China'S Military Would Permit It To Extend Its Influence And Power Well Beyond Its Immediate Proximity. This Development Has Serious Implications For India'S Security. But To Exaggerate The Chinese Threat Is Counter-Productive, Lest It Becomes A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. While The Prc Would Like The World To Respect It Even If Out Of Fear Or Awe, It Is Axiomatic That India Guard Itself Against An Overestimation Of The Threat While Assessing Its Potential. The Book Attempts To Search For Ways To Improve An Understanding Of China'S Rapidly Rising Power Status In International Politics And Its Possible Implications For India'S Security. (Published In Collaboration With United Services Institution Of India).
In this clear-sighted book, Jonathan Holslag debunks the myth of China?s peaceful rise, arguing instead that China?s policy of shrewd intransigence towards other Asian countries will inevitably result in serious conflict.
Author: Jonathan Holslag
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780745688282
Category: Political Science
Page: 176
View: 394
China?s ambition is to rise peacefully. Avoiding fierce conflicts with its Asian neighbors is essential to this goal. Jonathan Holslag makes a brilliant case for the geopolitical dilemma facing the rising China, and his argument that China will likely enter into major conflict with Asia is compelling and thoughtful. Both Chinese experts and decision-makers will find this book illuminating reading. Asia is set for another great power war. As China?s influence spreads beyond its territorial borders and its global aspirations gain momentum, so tensions with its neighbors are reaching breaking point. In this clear-sighted book, Jonathan Holslag debunks the myth of China?s peaceful rise, arguing instead that China?s policy of shrewd intransigence towards other Asian countries will inevitably result in serious conflict. China?s ambitions are not malicious. But what China wants ? namely to maximize its security and prosperity ? will lead to a huge power imbalance, where China towers above her neighbors, impels them into unequal partnerships, and is increasingly able to seize disputed territory. At present, China?s focused and uncompromising pursuit of its own interests is bearing fruit. Many of China?s neighbors are still too weak to counter Beijing?s influence, and China has ably exploited divisions between them to divide and rule. But several regional powers are now joining forces to stop China. With the PRC unlikely to back down and nationalism riding high, China?s coming war with Asia is already in the making.
28 Rahman, “Ballistic Missiles in China's Anti-Taiwan Blockade,” 215–24. ... 35 Bruce A. Elleman, Stephen Kotkin, and Clive Schofield, eds., Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2013), ...
Author: Bruce A. Elleman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781000393248
Category: Social Science
Page: 310
View: 935
This book provides a comprehensive history of the modern Chinese navy from 1840 to the present. Beginning with a survey of naval developments in earlier imperial times, the book goes on to show how China has since the mid-19th century four times built or rebuilt its navy: after the Opium Wars, a navy which was sunk or captured by the Japanese in the war of 1894–1895; during the 1920s and 1930s, a navy again sunk or lost to Japan, in the war of 1937–1945; in the 1950s, a navy built with Soviet help, which stagnated following the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s; and finally the present navy which absorbed its predecessor, but with the most modern sections dating from the 1990s—a navy which continues to grow and prosper. The book also shows how the underlying strategic imperative for the Chinese navy has been the defense of China’s coasts and major rivers; how naval mutiny was a key factor in the overthrow of the Qing and the Nationalist regimes; and how successive Chinese governments, aware of the potent threat of naval mutiny, have restricted the growth, independence, and capabilities of the navy. Overall, the book provides—at a time when many people in the West view China and its navy as a threat—a rich, detailed, and realistic assessment of the true nature of the Chinese navy and the contemporary factors that affect its development.
Yet, as M. Taylor Fravel shows in Strong Borders, Secure Nation, concerns that China might be prone to violent conflict over territory are overstated.
Author: M. Taylor Fravel
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 9781400828876
Category: Political Science
Page: 408
View: 430
As China emerges as an international economic and military power, the world waits to see how the nation will assert itself globally. Yet, as M. Taylor Fravel shows in Strong Borders, Secure Nation, concerns that China might be prone to violent conflict over territory are overstated. The first comprehensive study of China's territorial disputes, Strong Borders, Secure Nation contends that China over the past sixty years has been more likely to compromise in these conflicts with its Asian neighbors and less likely to use force than many scholars or analysts might expect. By developing theories of cooperation and escalation in territorial disputes, Fravel explains China's willingness to either compromise or use force. When faced with internal threats to regime security, especially ethnic rebellion, China has been willing to offer concessions in exchange for assistance that strengthens the state's control over its territory and people. By contrast, China has used force to halt or reverse decline in its bargaining power in disputes with its militarily most powerful neighbors or in disputes where it has controlled none of the land being contested. Drawing on a rich array of previously unexamined Chinese language sources, Strong Borders, Secure Nation offers a compelling account of China's foreign policy on one of the most volatile issues in international relations.
... World: Festschrift for Isenbike Togan. istanbul: ithaki, 2011, pp. 119–129. “SinoMongol Border: From Conflict to precarious resolution” in Bruce elleman, Stephen Kotkin, and Clive Schofield, eds. Beijing's Power and China's Border: ...
Author: Morris Rossabi
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9789004285293
Category: History
Page: 712
View: 627
In these penetrating essays, Morris Rossabi offers pioneering studies of the often neglected regions and peoples around China. His narratives concerning both traditional and modern Mongolia, including significant analyses about the great Mongol Empire, and traditional Chinese foreign relations challenge the conventional wisdom. His writings about the Yuan and Ming dynasties of China, Islam in China, and Mongol women provide fresh insights into these rarely studied subjects. He also brings greater attention to the first attested traveller from China to reach and write about thirteenth-century Europe.
